¿Qué son los corredores biológicos y para qué sirven?
Los corredores biológicos son áreas o espacios que conectan dos o más ecosistemas, paisajes o hábitats naturales que se encuentran desconectados o separados por áreas con presencia de actividades humanas como la agricultura, ganadería, urbanización o infraestructura como carreteras o presas.
Estos pueden ser de diversas formas y tamaños, generalmente son alargados y pueden tener de 1 a 5 km de ancho (cuando tienen más de 5 km de ancho se denominan macro corredores y cuando tienen menos de 1 km de ancho se les llega a conocer como corredores de conservación).
La principal función de los corredores es mejorar la conectividad entre ecosistemas, disminuir la fragmentación1 de los hábitats y mantener la diversidad biológica, esta última a través del movimiento y colonización de individuos u organismos de las especies de plantas, animales, insectos, etc. en nuevos territorios. Este continuo movimiento mantiene el flujo genético de las poblaciones2 y evita la consanguinidad, el aislamiento y la formación de “islas” en los fragmentos de ecosistemas.
De manera natural los ríos y zonas riparias funcionan como corredores biológicos, ya que a través de estos se mueven muchos animales (insectos, aves, mamíferos, reptiles, anfibios y demás grupos) y plantas, estas últimas ya sea a través del polen (que es trasladado por el viento, agua o polinizadores), semillas y propágulos (los cuales son dispersados por aves y mamíferos pequeños, principalmente).
Cuando se carece de estos mecanismos naturales para que el movimiento de individuos u organismos pueda llevarse a cabo, es necesario establecer áreas con características y tamaño adecuadas para las especies que vayan a transitar o habitar en este espacio, por lo que la estrategia ideal es contar con especies claves para las distintas iniciativas de corredores. Un ejemplo de esto es el Corredor del Jaguar, el cual se extiende desde México hasta Argentina, y busca lograr en el camino la conservación de 30 paisajes prioritarios que recorre dicho felino.
Cabe señalar que en los corredores biológicos los trabajos para recuperar la conectividad ecológica deben ir acompañados de esfuerzos de gestión productiva y conservación, ya que, en la mayoría de los casos, las áreas potenciales para el establecimiento de corredores son espacios fragmentados, lo cual fomenta la necesidad de contar con estrategias de restauración ecológica, por lo que se requiere que haya consenso entre la población local y las instituciones que actúan en el territorio.
Los corredores biológicos en México
El concepto de corredores biológicos se ha puesto en práctica desde los años sesenta y ha ido creciendo entre la comunidad ambientalista del país, a tal grado que actualmente se ha incorporado en forma de reglas de operación de numerosos programas públicos de instituciones federales y estatales, incluso en acuerdos internacionales como los realizados para la conformación del Corredor del Jaguar y el Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano.
Entre las acciones más destacadas a nivel nacional, se encuentra la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación del Jaguar, la cual ha identificado los corredores biológicos del jaguar a lo largo de las cinco regiones ecogeográficas donde se distribuye. Estos corredores biológicos abarcan una superficie de 528,764 km2, que equivalen al 27% del territorio del país.
Otra iniciativa a nivel nacional es el Corredor Biocultural Centro Occidente de México (COBIOCOM) cuyo objetivo es lograr la conectividad biológica, la preservación de los diferentes ecosistemas, así como las prácticas tradicionales de manejo y uso sustentable de la biodiversidad del occidente del país, en una superficie de 158,952.62 km2. En esta iniciativa participan ocho entidades federativas (Aguascalientes, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, San Luis Potosí y Zacatecas), así como organizaciones de la sociedad civil y aliados, teniendo también participación intituciones como CONANP, CONABIO y GIZ.
Corredores biológicos a nivel subnacional
En el estado de Jalisco, se han logrado diversos avances en el tema de corredores biológicos, ya que en agosto de 2022 se incluyó en la Ley Estatal del Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente la definición legal del concepto de Corredores Biológicos y se señaló a la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Territorial del Gobierno del Estado, como la responsable de la identificación, delimitación y establecimiento de todo corredor que se requiera para la conectividad y flujo de flora y fauna en la entidad.
Asimismo, en el año 2022 se realizó el Plan de Acción para la Conectividad Ecológica en Jalisco, esfuerzo que se sumó a otros proyectos interinstitucionales realizados a nivel regional (Sierra de Tapalpa, Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlán-Nevado de Colima, Sierra de Quila y Bosque La Primavera).
Y tú, ¿conoces más proyectos de corredores biológicos que se estén llevando a cabo en otros estados de la República Mexicana? Compártenos tus opiniones y aportaciones en la sección de comentarios.
Fuentes consultadas:
- https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/region/que-es-corredor
- https://www.cyd.conacyt.gob.mx/archivo/247/Articulos/p-corredores-biologicos.html
- https://www.wwf.org.mx/?328540/Glosario-ambiental-corredores-biologicos-pasadizos-de-la-naturaleza
- https://www.inecol.mx/inecol/index.php/es/ct-menu-item-25/planta-del-mes/17-ciencia-hoy/1267-corredores-riberenos-que-conservan-la-biodiversidad
- Morera-Beita, Carlos, Sandoval-Murillo, Luis Fernando, & Alfaro-Alvarado, Luis Diego. (2021). Evaluación de corredores biológicos en Costa Rica: estructura de paisaje y procesos de conectividad-fragmentación. Revista Geográfica de América Central, (66), 106-132. https://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rgac.66-1.5
- Gutiérrez-Yurrita, Pedro. (2007). Los corredores ecológicos como herramienta para paliar los efectos negativos del cambio climático sobre la biodiversidad. Derecho Ambiental y Ecología. 4. 55-63.
[1] Fragmentación: proceso de cambio en el que aparecen discontinuidades formándose fragmentos o “parches”
[2] Poblaciones: en ecología es el conjunto de individuos de una misma especie que ocupa un hábitat determinado
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